Unit 7: Life Decisions

Exploring transformative choices that shape our lives

🎬 You Are Going to Watch...

Imagine leaving a stable career to pursue a new one, moving across the world to start afresh, or making the heartbreaking decision to end a relationship. These are not everyday choices; they are transformative life decisions that define who we are and who we might become. In this unit, you are going to watch two video clips about people making important decisions in their lives.

Reminder: Now, before you watch the video, take a look at the vocabulary list by clicking the button hovering on your screen. This is where you can always access the vocabulary list for this unit. Familiarize yourself with those important words and expressions.

📺 Watch the Video

Watch the video clips about people making important life decisions and pay attention to their thought processes and motivations.

Video Clip 1: Career Decision

Video Clip 1: Making a career decision

About the Interviewee

Kevin Woo (禹成贤) was a prominent member of the South Korean boy band U-KISS from 2008 until his departure in 2017. Born in Korea and raised in California, Woo moved to South Korea at the age of 15 to pursue a career in music. He debuted as a member of U-KISS in August 2008, where he served as a main vocalist and the face of the group. The band's breakthrough hit came in 2009 with the song "Man Man Ha Ni." In this clip, Kevin Woo talks about his days as an idol and his departure and starting over in the U.S.

Practice Questions for Video Clip 1

Watch the video and choose the best answer to each question.

1. Besides the US, in which country did Kevin Woo's group find significant success?

2. Kevin Woo's K-pop experience gave him the foundation to do what?

3. What was a primary reason Kevin Woo decided to leave his group?

4. What was a major challenge Kevin Woo faced when starting his career in the US?

5. What significant realization did Kevin Woo have after moving to Los Angeles?

6. In the end, what helped Kevin Woo gain confidence in the US?

Video Clip 2: Life Decision

Video Clip 2: Making a life decision

Practice Questions for Video Clip 2

Watch the video and choose the best answer to each question.

1. Why did the speaker intentionally choose to stay at a toxic job?
2. What major event caused severe problems and layoffs at her company?
3. What was the atmosphere like at her job during the years of layoffs?
4. What term did the speaker use to describe feeling trapped in her job?
5. How did the speaker feel when she was finally laid off at age 53?
6. The severance package she ultimately received was for how many years?
7. After being laid off, how long did it take her to find a new job?
📖 Read and Answer

Reading Comprehension

Read the passage about life decisions and answer the comprehension questions.

📚 Reading Guide

You are going to read a thread from Hacker News forum. Before you start, read first the following A Complete Beginner's Guide to Reading Hacker News and familiarize yourself with its core mechanics and special terms and community norms.

A Complete Beginner's Guide to Reading Hacker News
What is Hacker News?

Hacker News, often shortened to HN, is a popular online forum focused on technology, science, and entrepreneurship. It is run by the startup accelerator Y Combinator. Users share links to interesting articles or post questions to start thoughtful discussions. The term "hacker" here refers to its original meaning: a creative problem-solver or builder, not a computer criminal. The site is known for its minimalist design and a community that values intelligent and civil conversation.

1. The Original Post (The "OP")

The first post at the top of the page starts the discussion. The writer is the Original Poster (OP).

  • Information Line: Below the title, you will see key details:
    • 13 points: The post's score. Users "upvote" (click the arrow) posts they find interesting.
    • by life_choices: The username of the poster.
  • (throwaway because personal): A "throwaway account" is a temporary, anonymous username created to discuss something sensitive or personal.
2. How Comments are Organized: A Conversation Tree

Hacker News uses a threaded or nested system. Replies are grouped under the comment they are responding to.

  • Top-Level Comments: Comments replying directly to the OP have no space (indentation) on their left.
  • Replies and Indentation: When someone replies, their comment appears underneath and is indented to the right. The indentation is the most important clue to follow a conversation.
3. Anatomy of a Comment

digital_voodoo on Nov 16, 2019 | parent | next [-]

  • ▲ (Upvote Arrow): Click this if you find a comment helpful.
  • parent: A link that takes you to the comment this one is replying to. Very useful if you get lost.
  • [-]: A button to "collapse" or hide that comment and all its replies.
4. Common Words and Phrases
  • PS: Postscript. An extra thought added to the end of a message, like saying, "By the way...".
  • EDIT: This means the author has edited their comment after publishing. It is good manners to mark changes.
  • Quoting: To reply to a specific point, users often copy the text and put it in italics or use a > symbol.
5. More Key Terms and Concepts
  • Reddit: This is another, much larger website made up of thousands of online forums.
    • What it is: Each forum on Reddit is called a "subreddit" (e.g., r/AskMen) and is dedicated to a very specific topic, from programming and science to hobbies, humor, and personal advice.
    • Why it's mentioned here: In this thread, a user suggests Reddit because the OP's question is about a personal relationship. While Hacker News focuses on technology, Reddit has communities created specifically for relationship questions. The suggestion implies the OP would get more relevant advice there.
  • Karma: A user's reputation score. You get karma when your posts and comments are upvoted.
  • [dead] and [flagged]: This is part of the site's moderation. If a comment is offensive or off-topic, users can "flag" it. If it gets enough flags, it becomes [dead] and is hidden from most users.
  • Common Acronyms (Short-forms):
    • TL;DR: "Too Long; Didn't Read." A short summary of a long post.
    • IMO / IMHO: "In My Opinion" / "In My Humble Opinion."
    • IANAL: "I Am Not A Lawyer." A disclaimer used when giving non-professional advice on a legal-sounding topic.

📖 Reading Practice

You have read "A Complete Beginner's Guide to Reading Hacker News." Now, apply what you've learned by reading the provided thread. Answer the following questions based on the original post (OP) and the comments.

Ask HN: How do you make important life decisions?
13 points by life_choices on Nov 16, 2019 | hide | past | favorite | 9 comments

(throwaway because personal)

I'm 30 years old, and about to make what might turn out to be the single most important decision in my personal life.

Should I stay and have children with my current partner?

She is a great person, we're great friends, together for a few years, no red flags, but no chemistry on my side. Mathematically, I think I should stay: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_problem

Note: The Secretary Problem: a famous problem in mathematics about "optimal stopping." The goal is to find the single best candidate from a list of options when you can only see them one by one and cannot go back to a previous one. The solution involves rejecting a certain number of initial candidates to set a "benchmark" and then choosing the very next candidate who is better than that benchmark, because he or she is the best you've found, and the risk of finding someone even better in the future is lower than the risk of ending up with someone worse.

I feel that having kids and many decades together should be a decision easier to do than what I'm going through. This is the sort of decision I would say: "do it, if it's obvious; if you're having doubts, well, it's a tell". I've been with other partners where I wanted to have kids much more enthusiastically (although

Anyway, I'm trying to be as introspective as possible, and understand what I'm feeling and why.

How can I, at least, not regret - not the decision - but the decision process?

--

I like Ruth Chang's framework on her Hard Choices TED talk. 1. Is it lack of information? Sometimes even if you have the ability to see the full future outcome of both alternatives, it is still hard. 2. Hard choices are an opportunity for us to realize and choose what we value most, and define ourselves. "Who am I to be?" (is there a difference?)

There's Bezos' regret-minimization-when-I'm-80-years-old framework.

There's Larry Smith's "Why you will fail to have a great career" talk and how not to make yourself prisoner of others, namely your partner and your children.

There's expected value maximization, multi-objective optimization, exploration-exploitation trade-offs, billion-dollars-russian-roulette decisions, and sunk costs fallacy. Go with your gut, and double check it? Research others in similar previous situations? Ensemble all these models?

--

What tools and processes do you use to make your most important decisions?

How do you decide on your personal and professional "wicked problems"?



digital_voodoo on Nov 16, 2019 | next [-]

"but no chemistry on my side".

Seems like you are trying to solve with your head (models & co) what is essentially a heart problem.

If you had that chemistry, i think you wouldn't be asking yourself so many (deep?) questions. Once you have that deep connection, almost everything else falls into place.

Source: been there, done that.

Good luck.

PS: how about posting this to Reddit? seems like a more appropriate audience and higher expected response rate than HN for such a question.

life_choices on Nov 16, 2019 | parent | next [-]

Yes, I suspect your diagnosis is correct.

Thanks for your answer.

Where would you post this on reddit? I was hesitant to share the specific personal problem, because I wanted to focus on the decision process.

In any case, if you know any community similar to HN quality for either "personal/relationships" discussion or decision-making, I would love to know.

gerhenz on Nov 17, 2019 | root | parent | next [-]

I agree with posting this on reddit, my suggestions are r/relationship_advice r/AskMen r/AskReddit r/AskWomen
p1esk on Nov 16, 2019 | prev | next [-]

Something important I realized when I was about 30 is no matter how beautiful and sexy your girlfriend is, sooner or later (usually after about 6 months of living together) sexual chemistry will be gone. Not completely, but there will be times when you're bored with her (physically, emotionally, or intellectually), and are interested in other women. That's normal. What remains however is whether or not you want to work together with that person on building/maintaining a family (raising kids). Think of kids as a difficult long term project, like a "startup", where the qualities of your "cofounder" can make it or break it. I'd look for the same personal qualities in both a wife and a cofounder. Source: married for 12 years with 2 kids, currently looking for a startup cofounder :)

PS. actually there are several independent kinds of chemistry between people (sexual, emotional, intellectual) and what I wrote equally applies to any of them. Also, you will get used to some of the negative qualities of your wife, but not all, and those can drive you crazy and cause serious conflicts. Try to identify them, and do not expect them to go away.

gtirloni on Nov 17, 2019 | prev | next [-]

When things are too complicated, break them down.

In this case, even if your partner is saying that having kids is not optional to stay with them, consider both situation separate: 1) do I want to stay with this person for a long time? 2) do I want to have kids? and 3) do I want to have kids with this person?

Only you can answer it and I'm afraid it won't be as objective as you think it could be. Re: having a kid. Do you spend time around kids? If not, try to. See if you feel any joy in being around them (and remember when you're spending time with other people's kids, that 5% of the job, the other 95% happens when nobody is seeing). Try to get more information there.

In the end, you have to learn to live with uncertainty. I think we'll struggle with that.

EDIT: Re-reading your post, I think it's clear what choice you have already made. Don't be afraid to face the consequences, they might not be as hard as you think.

muzani on Nov 16, 2019 | prev | next [-]

Decision making is not all about math.

I simplify it to two things:

1. Goal

2. Process.

First, you pick goals that makes you happy. I think the big fallacy people make is assuming that marriage+kids makes me unhappy vs being single. You can be perfectly happy doing either. You can be completely unhappy with both paths too.

It's also extremely difficult to decide which one would make you happier. Sure, there are frameworks for each. But the variance is huge. And 'happiness' isn't a fixed number. It's a Δ. Whether you're at 500 happiness or 5, you feel the same.

You can be married to a dream girl, have a dream job, have a million dollars in the bank. Then suddenly someone steals half a million from your bank account. You would still be unhappier than the 45 year old homeless man who got offered a grocery manager job.

So, I look for the Δhappiness.

It's also important not to turn back on decisions. I'm married and have two kids. I cannot choose to have one kid. Even if I had financial troubles or found a better girl, divorce or infidelity would make me very unhappy. There's no way I would put a goal in mind to reduce the number of kids or find a woman good enough to have an affair with. There's no way I can regret my past decisions and be happy too.

One of the downsides of overcalculating is that you'd tend to assign values to things and inevitably regret something.

So I pick a goal, any goal that makes me happy and is achievable, and then burn the other options.

Next is process.

I look for the best process to hit that goal. And just stick to it. I chose a path as a startup developer. I optimize to be the best startup developer I can be, and ignore the things that would land me a job as a manager, CEO, or a FAANG developer.

Now abandon the goal completely. I may reassess my situation periodically, but I don't stay too obsessed on being a developer. If Google offers me an interview, why not?

Goals are difficult to hit because of all the factors in the way. It's easier to just focus on the progress. It's what athletes do win trophies and break records. Nobody can set a promise to win a match 3-0; they can only improve the process to overshoot that goal. Hitting a goal can cause complacency, missing a goal can discourage. Let the process do its work.

If you commit on focusing on your career and not having kids, then design a process to make you the best career man you can be. If you choose to do both kids and career, design a process to be a great dad while being great at your job with your limited hours. If there's no chemistry between you and your partner, create some.

Remember to ditch all the math that got you to your current situation. When assessing the future, you have to recalculate everything.

life_choices on Nov 16, 2019 | parent | next [-]

Thank you for your very kind answer.

I like it. I will have to digest it further, but on first approximation it seems like two good tactics: 1. to hack the goal/reward system, 2. to manage the exploration/exploitation trade-off.

I agree with the delta's regarding happiness. I might add "satisfaction/accomplishment/pride" in relation to your life's components. I think it goes in a bit of a different direction to what you are saying (million dollars vs homeless with new job).

It also has to do with momentum, I think. As in keep making progress in some aspect. In a professional setting, you can be a startup founder working 100 hours weeks, but if you're riding a growth wave, you're happy and satisfied, even if tired. On a personal level, something similar happens.

I agree with your take on process as well.

Exercise 1: Vocabulary in Context

Match the term from the Hacker News thread with its correct meaning.

Term

1. throwaway (account)
2. red flags
3. sunk costs fallacy
4. go with your gut
5. wicked problem
6. chemistry
7. Δhappiness (delta happiness)
8. focus on the process

Meaning

A. a deeply complicated problem with no clear solution.
B. the complex emotional or psychological interaction between people, especially when they are strongly attracted to each other
C. an anonymous internet account created for a single purpose and then abandoned.
D. the idea of focusing on the method of achieving something, not just the final outcome.
E. to make a decision based on intuition or feeling, not logic.
F. obvious warning signs or reasons to be concerned.
G. the mistake of continuing a project because of past investment (time, money, emotion), not future value.
H. the change in one's level of happiness, rather than the absolute level.

Exercise 2: Reading for Key Information

Answer the following questions based on the facts presented in the thread.

1. The Original Poster (OP):

○ What is the OP's main dilemma?

○ What is the one key element the OP feels is missing from his relationship?

○ Name two of the decision-making models the OP mentions.

2. Commenter digital_voodoo:

○ What is digital_voodoo's main diagnosis of the OP's problem? (Is it a "head" problem or a "heart" problem?)

○ What other website does this commenter suggest for this type of question?

3. Commenter p1esk:

○ What does p1esk believe happens to sexual chemistry over time in a long-term relationship?

○ What business analogy does p1esk use to describe a life partner for raising a family?

Exercise 3: Understanding Arguments and Perspectives

These questions require you to understand the different points of view in the discussion.

1. Breaking Down the Problem:

User gtirloni suggests breaking the OP's single big question into three smaller, separate questions. What are they?

2. Goal vs. Process:

User muzani presents a detailed framework for making decisions. What are the two main parts of this framework?

According to muzani, why is focusing only on the "Goal" (like "be happy") a bad idea?

How does the OP (life_choices) react to this advice in his final comment? Does he agree or disagree?

3. Inference:

At the end of their comment, gtirloni writes, "Re-reading your post, I think it's clear what choice you have already made." What choice do you think gtirloni is referring to? Find a sentence in the OP's original post that supports this inference.

💭 Exercise 4: Discussion & Critical Thinking

Discuss these questions with a partner or write a short paragraph for each.

1. Logic vs. Emotion in Decision-Making

The thread shows a conflict between making decisions with logic ("head") versus emotion ("heart"). Which commenters are on the "heart" side and which are on the "head" side? Where do you see a mix of both?

2. Most Useful Advice

Which single piece of advice in this thread do you find the most useful or interesting? Explain why.

3. The Secretary Problem Application

The OP uses the "Secretary Problem" from mathematics to analyze his relationship. How does the OP apply this model to his dating life?

4. Mathematical Models in Personal Decisions

Do you think it is helpful or unhelpful to apply mathematical models to personal life decisions? Explain your reasoning.

🎧 Listen and Answer

Listening Exercise

Audio: Dialogue about life decisions

Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer for each question.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

🎤 Speaking Practice

Speaking Exercise

You are the host of the solo podcast, "Life's Crossroads." In each episode, you read a letter from a listener and then offer your thoughtful, well-reasoned advice. Today, you will prepare and record a short segment for your show. Select one of the dilemmas to respond to on today's show.

Dilemma A: The Career Crossroads

Subject: Security or Passion?

Dear Editor,

I've just graduated with a degree in finance and have two job offers.

The first is a high-paying analyst job at a large, stable bank in my hometown. It's a secure career path, and my parents are thrilled. The work, however, seems incredibly boring and repetitive. My friends who work there say it's a "golden cage."

The second offer is from a small, creative startup in a big, exciting city. The pay is much lower, and the company is a risk. But the work is exactly what I'm passionate about—I would be helping to design a product I truly believe in. I would have to move and live on a tight budget, but I feel like I would be more alive.

Should I choose the secure but boring job, or the exciting but risky one?

Sincerely,
Future CEO or Future Artist?

Your Response:

Record your advice following the script structure provided below.

Dilemma B: The Family Conflict

Subject: My Dream or Theirs?

Dear Editor,

I come from a family of lawyers, and for my entire life, it's been expected that I would follow in their footsteps. I've done well in school, and I have a place waiting for me at a prestigious law school. My family has sacrificed a lot to give me this opportunity, and disappointing them would break their hearts.

The problem is, my secret passion is cooking. I spend all my free time experimenting in the kitchen and even run a small, successful food blog. My dream is not to be in a courtroom, but to one day open my own small restaurant. This seems like a fantasy to my family and a betrayal of their investment in me.

Should I honor my family's expectations and go to law school, or should I follow my own passion and pursue a career as a chef?

Sincerely,
A Conflicted Cook

Your Response:

Record your advice following the script structure provided below.

Script Structure

1. Opening:

"Welcome back to Life's Crossroads. Today, we have a letter from a listener who calls themselves 'Future CEO or Future Artist,' and..."

2. Analyze the Problem:

"This is a tough one. On one hand, ... On the other hand,"

3. Deliver Your Core Advice:

"After thinking this through, my advice is to [state your recommendation here]."

"I believe this because [explain your reasoning, using your chosen philosophy]. For example, …"

(OR)

"From a strategic point of view, the concept of 'sunk costs' is important here..."

4. Closing:

"So, to 'A Conflicted Cook,' I wish you the best of luck. Trust the process, and be true to yourself. That's all the time we have for today on Life's Crossroads. Join us next time."

🎤 Record Your Answer

Click "Start Recording" to begin
✍️ Writing Practice

Writing Exercise

✍️ Your Writing Task

A Letter to My 80-Year-Old Self

Imagine you are writing a letter to yourself at age 80.

In your letter, you should:

Start by describing a major decision you are facing right now (it can be real or imagined).

Explain the options you are considering and why it is a difficult choice.

Ask your future self for perspective. What do you hope you will have learned by then? What do you think will seem important when you look back?

Conclude by stating what you think you will do, and express a hope that your 80-year-old self will not regret the path taken, whatever it may be.

Example starter: "Dear Me at 80, I'm writing to you from the year 2025. I'm facing a huge decision right now about my career, and I hope by the time you read this, it will all seem so clear..."

📝 Letter Structure Guide:

1. Opening: Address your future self and set the context
2. Current Decision: Describe the major decision you're facing
3. Options & Challenges: Explain your choices and why it's difficult
4. Seeking Wisdom: Ask for perspective and what you hope to learn
5. Closing: State your intended path and express hope for no regrets
0 words Target: 250-300 words
💡 Writing Tips
  • • Write in a conversational, personal tone as if talking to a close friend
  • • Be honest about your current fears, hopes, and uncertainties
  • • Ask specific questions that you genuinely want answered
  • • Express your emotions and inner thoughts openly
  • • End with genuine hope and curiosity about your future perspective